Extra Credit for over Break looks like this:
Extra Credit Project:
* Research a person, place or thing that is important to the study of Psychology. After researching, for 25 pts. you may do one of the following:
A. Write a two-three page paper explaining what this topic is about. Explain why knowledge of this topic is important to understanding the psychological principle.
B. Do a 15 slide PPT.
C. Make a poster or diorama of the topic.
A bibliography is necessary to validate your research. (2 Sources Minimum)
An informal presentation to the class on the date which we return
For 15 pts. you may do one of the following:
1. Watch a movie or documentary about a psychology topic (do not use a movie from the class) and write up a review (1-2 pages typed).
2. Read an article from a newspaper or periodical that is significant and write up a summary (with article attached)---1 to 2 pages typed.
Thursday, March 20, 2014
3/17-19 Memory-Ch. 10
Intro to Memory
Experts Video
Memory--Ch. 10 S2--Retrieval Processes
Ch. 10 S2 –Retrieval
Define the following:
1. Recognition 2. Recall 3. reconstructive processes 4. confabulation 5. schemas
6. eidetic memory 7. Relearning 8. Forgetting 9. Decay 10. Interference
Sentence Answers
11. What about state-dependent learning would make studying with headphones not worth your time?
12. Why is distributed practice better than cramming?
13. What are forms of elaborate rehearsal that you use to help you study?
14. Why are mnemonic devices useful?
15. Using p. 279, what are the four types of Long-Term memory? Describe each one.
Experts Video
Memory--Ch. 10 S2--Retrieval Processes
Ch. 10 S2 –Retrieval
Define the following:
1. Recognition 2. Recall 3. reconstructive processes 4. confabulation 5. schemas
6. eidetic memory 7. Relearning 8. Forgetting 9. Decay 10. Interference
Sentence Answers
11. What about state-dependent learning would make studying with headphones not worth your time?
12. Why is distributed practice better than cramming?
13. What are forms of elaborate rehearsal that you use to help you study?
14. Why are mnemonic devices useful?
15. Using p. 279, what are the four types of Long-Term memory? Describe each one.
3/14 Ch. 9 Quiz
Ch. 9 Pop Quiz
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. A subject responding to a second stimulus similar to the original CS is an example of
a. discrimination b. generalization c. preconditioning d. taste
___ 2. An unpleasant consequence that decreases the frequency of the response that produced it is called
a. negative reinforcement b. punishment c. classical conditioning d. avoidance learning
____ 3. To play basketball, several response chains are organized into
a. response patterns b. response shapes c. variable intervals d. cognitive maps
____ 4. Learning from the consequences of behavior is called:
a. classical conditioning b. avoidance conditioning c. operant conditioning d. shaping
____ 5. A child saying “Daddy” only to his father is an example of
a. extinction b. generalization c. discrimination d. an unconditioned response
____ 6. In human society, money serves as a
a. primary reinforcer b. secondary reinforcer c. response chain d. token economy
____ 7. Individuals who believe that no matter what they do their actions make no difference are exhibiting
a. aversive control b. extinction c. learned helplessness d. response chains
____ 8. An individual watches a friend send an E-mail message. When the individual is later able to send an E-mail message, the type of learning exhibited is:
a. latent b. self-controlled c. classical d. observational
Completion/Matching: Complete each sentence or statement by matching it with the most correct answer.
a.B. F. Skinner b. Martin Seligman c. operant conditioning d. decreases e. increases
ab. Fixed-interval ac. Fixed-ratio ad. Variable interval ae. Variable ratio bc. Shaping
bd. Generalization be. Token economy cd. Disinhibition ce. Learning de. Escape conditioning
9. . In using punishment, the punishment _______the frequency of a behavior that preceded the punishment.
10. Receiving points that can be cashed in for prizes is an example of a ____________________ system of learning.
11. A partial schedule of reinforcement _____________ the likelihood that the desired responses will be more stable and long-lasting.
12. A child cries uncontrollably when the lights are turned out. The parent begins to leave the light on until the child has fallen asleep.
This is an example of _________________________.
13. The psychologist __________ identified that stability, globality, and internality are the important elements of learned helplessness.
14. ____________ is the psychologist most closely associated with operant conditioning.
15. On a(n) ____________________ schedule, reinforcement is available at predetermined times.
16. A dog who assists a hearing-impaired person is trained to react to the telephone ringing. If the dog also reacts to a tone from the
person's microwave, the dog is exhibiting ____________________.
17. On a(n) ____________________ schedule, reinforcement occurs after a random number of responses.
18. On a(n) ____________________ schedule, reinforcement occurs after a specified quantity of responses.
19. On a(n) ____________________ schedule, reinforcement occurs after a random amount of time has passed demonstrating the
correct response.
20. The reinforcement process used to train an animal to do something it has never done before and would never do on its own is
known as_______.
21. Relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience are known as ____________________.
22. In the study of _________________, researchers seek to discover how voluntary behaviors are affected by their consequences.
23. A type of modeling, ____________________, occurs when a person sees someone else get away with an aggressive act without any apparent consequences and later performs the same act.
24 (2 pts)—Explain thoroughly what the type of partial schedule that pop quizzes would fall in.
3/4-13 Associated and Social Learning
Classical and Operant Conditioning--Associated Learning
Observational Learning
Classical Skits
Operant Silent and Operant Skills Skit.
Social Learning--Bobo Doll Study
Observational Learning
Classical Skits
Operant Silent and Operant Skills Skit.
Social Learning--Bobo Doll Study
3/3 Intro to Learning
Classical Conditiong p. 240-249 Ch. 9 S1
Define the Following in your Cornell Notes
*classical conditioning * learning * acquisition * generalization * discrimination
*extinction * behaviorism * behaviorists
**Study the Figure 9.1 on pg. 243. Briefly explain what Pavlov did and the importance of his discovery?
** Read the case study on pg. 249. How was this study using “Baby Albert” unethical by today’s standards?
Ch. 9 S2 P. 250-256
*operant conditioning
** Compare and Contrast operant conditioning and classical conditioning
* Reinforcement---What’s the difference between a positive and reinforcer?
* Describe and Diagram the 4 different schedules of reinforcement
* Shaping
* Response Chains
Define the Following in your Cornell Notes
*classical conditioning * learning * acquisition * generalization * discrimination
*extinction * behaviorism * behaviorists
**Study the Figure 9.1 on pg. 243. Briefly explain what Pavlov did and the importance of his discovery?
** Read the case study on pg. 249. How was this study using “Baby Albert” unethical by today’s standards?
Ch. 9 S2 P. 250-256
*operant conditioning
** Compare and Contrast operant conditioning and classical conditioning
* Reinforcement---What’s the difference between a positive and reinforcer?
* Describe and Diagram the 4 different schedules of reinforcement
* Shaping
* Response Chains
2/27 Presentations & Davidson Clinic
The Davidson Clinic Experiment
You are the personnel director of the Davidson Pediatric Clinic, a rather large facility which employs over 50 persons, including pediatricians, nurses, secretaries, receptionists, and housekeeping and maintenance personnel.
At the center of the clinic is a large waiting room where the parents and babies wait to see the doctors. The babies in that waiting room cry so much that many employees are unable to concentrate on their work. As a result, morale among the employees is very low, and several persons have reported headaches and other-related symptoms. The executive director of the clinic has come to you with this problem and has asked you to do something about it.
You have observed the interactions among all persons in the waiting room and have determined that the crying almost always begins when the babies see a nurse. The nurses in the clinics always wear white caps, white uniforms, white hose, and white shoes. You wonder if the sight of a nurse dressed this way is frightening to the babies. Perhaps the babies would cry less at the sight of a woman wearing more colorful clothes. You decide to do an experiment to determine if that is indeed the case.
1. Identify the problem
2. Review the literature. (What past research would you want to review?)
3. Formulate the hypothesis.
3a. Identify the variables in your hypothesis.
Independent Variable______________________________________________________
Dependent Variable ______________________________________________________
4. Chose the research design. (In this case, the experimental method.)
4a. Which group of babies will be in the control group?
4b. Which group of babies will be in the experimental group?
5. Collect the data. (Actually conduct the experiment.)
6. Analyze the data.
7. Draw conclusions and report findings.
You are the personnel director of the Davidson Pediatric Clinic, a rather large facility which employs over 50 persons, including pediatricians, nurses, secretaries, receptionists, and housekeeping and maintenance personnel.
At the center of the clinic is a large waiting room where the parents and babies wait to see the doctors. The babies in that waiting room cry so much that many employees are unable to concentrate on their work. As a result, morale among the employees is very low, and several persons have reported headaches and other-related symptoms. The executive director of the clinic has come to you with this problem and has asked you to do something about it.
You have observed the interactions among all persons in the waiting room and have determined that the crying almost always begins when the babies see a nurse. The nurses in the clinics always wear white caps, white uniforms, white hose, and white shoes. You wonder if the sight of a nurse dressed this way is frightening to the babies. Perhaps the babies would cry less at the sight of a woman wearing more colorful clothes. You decide to do an experiment to determine if that is indeed the case.
1. Identify the problem
2. Review the literature. (What past research would you want to review?)
3. Formulate the hypothesis.
3a. Identify the variables in your hypothesis.
Independent Variable______________________________________________________
Dependent Variable ______________________________________________________
4. Chose the research design. (In this case, the experimental method.)
4a. Which group of babies will be in the control group?
4b. Which group of babies will be in the experimental group?
5. Collect the data. (Actually conduct the experiment.)
6. Analyze the data.
7. Draw conclusions and report findings.
How to write up a lab report/simple experiment
How to Write a Psychology Lab Report
A psychology lab report describes an experiment. Lab reports take the same format used in professional journal articles. If you are unsure of how a journal article is organized, look at some examples in psychology journals to get an idea of how your lab report will look.
Lab Report Structure:
Your lab report should follow the format below:
1. Title Page:The title page should be the first page of your lab report.
2. Abstract:The abstract should be the second page of your lab report. An abstract is a brief synopsis of your report, usually no longer than a paragraph. According to the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide, your abstract should be no longer than 120 words.
3. Introduction: Your paper should begin with an introduction that outlines previous research on the topic, explains the goals of your current research, and provides your hypothesis. This section is usually several pages long and requires significant research in order to provide a sufficient overview of previous research on the topic. Remember to give proper citation to all sources.
4. Method:The next section of your lab report will be the method section, in which you describe the procedures used in your experiment. Information you should provide includes: number of participants, background of participants, your independent and dependent variables, and the type of experimental design you used.
5. Results:The next part of your lab report will be the results section. In your results section, describe statistical data gathered from your experiment. This section is usually quite short and does not include any interpretation of your results. Use tables and figures to display statistical data and results.
6. Discussion:Next, your lab report should include a discussion section in which you interpret the results of your experiment. Did the results of your experiment support or refute your hypothesis? You should also suggest possible explanations for the results of your experiment and what these results might mean in terms of future research on the topic.
7. References:After your discussion section, your lab report should also include a list of references used in your experiment and lab report. Remember, all references cited in-text must be listed in the references section and vice versa. All references should be in APA format.
8. Tables and Figures: Any tables or figures used to display your results should be included in this final section of your lab report.
How to Conduct a Psychology Experiment
Conducting your first psychology experiment can be a long, complicated and intimidating process. It can be especially confusing if you are not quite sure where to begin or which steps to take. Like other sciences, psychology utilizes the scientific method and bases conclusions upon empirical evidence. When conducting an experiment, it is important to follow the five basic steps of the scientific method:
Ask a question that can be tested ,Design a study and collect data ,Analyze results and reach conclusion; Share the results with the scientific community
1. Find a Research Problem or Question
• Investigate a commonly held belief. Folk psychology is a good source of unanswered questions that can serve as the basis for psychological research. For example, many people believe that staying up all night to cram for a big exam can actually hurt test performance. You could conduct a study in which you compare the test scores of students who stayed up all night studying, versus the scores of students who got a full night's sleep prior to the exam.
• Review psychology literature. Published studies are a great source of unanswered research questions. In many cases, the authors will even note the need for further research. Find a published study that you find intriguing, and then come up with some questions that remain unanswered.
• Think about everyday problems. There are many practical applications for psychology research. Explore various problems that you or others face each day, and then consider how you could research potential solutions. For example, you might investigate different memorization strategies to determine which methods are most effective.
2. Operationally Define Your Variables
Variables are anything that might impact the outcome of your study. An operational definition describes exactly what the variables are and how they are measured within the context of your study. For example, if you were doing a study on the impact of sleep deprivation on driving performance, you would need to operationally define what you mean by sleep deprivation and driving performance. What is the purpose of operationally defining variables? The main purpose is control. By understanding what your are measuring, you can control for it by holding the variable constant between all of the groups or manipulating it as an independent variable.
3. Develop a Hypothesis
The next step is to develop a testable hypothesis that predicts how the operationally defined variables are related. In our example in the previous step, our hypothesis might be: "Students who are sleep deprived will perform worse than students who are not sleep deprived on a test of driving performance."
4. Conduct Background Research
Once you have developed a testable hypothesis, it is important to spend some time conducting background research. What do researchers already know about your topic? What questions remain unanswered? You can learn about previous research on your topic by exploring books, journal articles, online databases, newspapers and websites devoted to your topic.
5. Select an Experimental Design
After conducting background research and finalizing your hypothesis, your next step is to develop an experimental design. There are three basic types of experimental designs that you may use. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses.
6. Standardize Your Procedures
In order to arrive at legitimate conclusions, it is essential to compare apples to apples. Each participant in each group must receive the same treatment under the same conditions.
7. Choose Your Participants
In addition to making sure that the testing conditions are standardized, it is also essential to ensure that your pool of participants is the same. If the individuals in your control group (those who are not sleep deprived) all happen to be amateur race car drivers while your experimental group (those that are sleep deprived) are all people who just recently earned their drivers licenses, your experiment will lack standardization.
When choosing subjects, there are a number of different techniques you can use. A simple random sample involves randomly selecting a number of participants from a group. A stratified random sample requires randomly selecting participants from different subsets of the population. These subsets might include characteristics such as geographic location, age, sex, race or socioeconomic status.
8. Conduct Tests and Collect Data
After you have selected participants, the next steps are to conduct tests and collect the data. Prior to doing any testing, however, there are a few important concerns that need to be addressed. First, you need to be sure that your testing procedures are ethical. Generally, you will need to gain permission to conduct any type of testing with human participants by submitting the details of your experiment to your school's Institutional Review Board, often referred to as the 'Human Subject Committee.'
9. Analyze the Results
After collecting your data, it is time to analyze the results of your experiment. Researchers utilize statistics to determine if the results of the study support the original hypothesis and to determine if the results are statistically significant. Statistical significance means that the results of the study are unlikely to have occurred simply by chance. The types of statistical methods you use to analyze your data depend largely on the type of data that you collected. If you are using a random sample of a larger population, you will need to utilize inferential statistics. These statistical methods make inferences about how the results related to the population at large. Because you are making inferences based upon a sample, it has to be assumed that there will be a certain margin of error.
10. Write Up and Share Your Results
Your final task in conducting a psychology experiment is to communicate your results. By sharing your experiment with the scientific community, you are contributing to the knowledge base on that particular topic. One of the most common ways to share research results is to publish the study in a peer-reviewed professional journal. Other methods include sharing results at conferences, in book chapters or in academic presentations.
A psychology lab report describes an experiment. Lab reports take the same format used in professional journal articles. If you are unsure of how a journal article is organized, look at some examples in psychology journals to get an idea of how your lab report will look.
Lab Report Structure:
Your lab report should follow the format below:
1. Title Page:The title page should be the first page of your lab report.
2. Abstract:The abstract should be the second page of your lab report. An abstract is a brief synopsis of your report, usually no longer than a paragraph. According to the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide, your abstract should be no longer than 120 words.
3. Introduction: Your paper should begin with an introduction that outlines previous research on the topic, explains the goals of your current research, and provides your hypothesis. This section is usually several pages long and requires significant research in order to provide a sufficient overview of previous research on the topic. Remember to give proper citation to all sources.
4. Method:The next section of your lab report will be the method section, in which you describe the procedures used in your experiment. Information you should provide includes: number of participants, background of participants, your independent and dependent variables, and the type of experimental design you used.
5. Results:The next part of your lab report will be the results section. In your results section, describe statistical data gathered from your experiment. This section is usually quite short and does not include any interpretation of your results. Use tables and figures to display statistical data and results.
6. Discussion:Next, your lab report should include a discussion section in which you interpret the results of your experiment. Did the results of your experiment support or refute your hypothesis? You should also suggest possible explanations for the results of your experiment and what these results might mean in terms of future research on the topic.
7. References:After your discussion section, your lab report should also include a list of references used in your experiment and lab report. Remember, all references cited in-text must be listed in the references section and vice versa. All references should be in APA format.
8. Tables and Figures: Any tables or figures used to display your results should be included in this final section of your lab report.
How to Conduct a Psychology Experiment
Conducting your first psychology experiment can be a long, complicated and intimidating process. It can be especially confusing if you are not quite sure where to begin or which steps to take. Like other sciences, psychology utilizes the scientific method and bases conclusions upon empirical evidence. When conducting an experiment, it is important to follow the five basic steps of the scientific method:
Ask a question that can be tested ,Design a study and collect data ,Analyze results and reach conclusion; Share the results with the scientific community
1. Find a Research Problem or Question
• Investigate a commonly held belief. Folk psychology is a good source of unanswered questions that can serve as the basis for psychological research. For example, many people believe that staying up all night to cram for a big exam can actually hurt test performance. You could conduct a study in which you compare the test scores of students who stayed up all night studying, versus the scores of students who got a full night's sleep prior to the exam.
• Review psychology literature. Published studies are a great source of unanswered research questions. In many cases, the authors will even note the need for further research. Find a published study that you find intriguing, and then come up with some questions that remain unanswered.
• Think about everyday problems. There are many practical applications for psychology research. Explore various problems that you or others face each day, and then consider how you could research potential solutions. For example, you might investigate different memorization strategies to determine which methods are most effective.
2. Operationally Define Your Variables
Variables are anything that might impact the outcome of your study. An operational definition describes exactly what the variables are and how they are measured within the context of your study. For example, if you were doing a study on the impact of sleep deprivation on driving performance, you would need to operationally define what you mean by sleep deprivation and driving performance. What is the purpose of operationally defining variables? The main purpose is control. By understanding what your are measuring, you can control for it by holding the variable constant between all of the groups or manipulating it as an independent variable.
3. Develop a Hypothesis
The next step is to develop a testable hypothesis that predicts how the operationally defined variables are related. In our example in the previous step, our hypothesis might be: "Students who are sleep deprived will perform worse than students who are not sleep deprived on a test of driving performance."
4. Conduct Background Research
Once you have developed a testable hypothesis, it is important to spend some time conducting background research. What do researchers already know about your topic? What questions remain unanswered? You can learn about previous research on your topic by exploring books, journal articles, online databases, newspapers and websites devoted to your topic.
5. Select an Experimental Design
After conducting background research and finalizing your hypothesis, your next step is to develop an experimental design. There are three basic types of experimental designs that you may use. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses.
6. Standardize Your Procedures
In order to arrive at legitimate conclusions, it is essential to compare apples to apples. Each participant in each group must receive the same treatment under the same conditions.
7. Choose Your Participants
In addition to making sure that the testing conditions are standardized, it is also essential to ensure that your pool of participants is the same. If the individuals in your control group (those who are not sleep deprived) all happen to be amateur race car drivers while your experimental group (those that are sleep deprived) are all people who just recently earned their drivers licenses, your experiment will lack standardization.
When choosing subjects, there are a number of different techniques you can use. A simple random sample involves randomly selecting a number of participants from a group. A stratified random sample requires randomly selecting participants from different subsets of the population. These subsets might include characteristics such as geographic location, age, sex, race or socioeconomic status.
8. Conduct Tests and Collect Data
After you have selected participants, the next steps are to conduct tests and collect the data. Prior to doing any testing, however, there are a few important concerns that need to be addressed. First, you need to be sure that your testing procedures are ethical. Generally, you will need to gain permission to conduct any type of testing with human participants by submitting the details of your experiment to your school's Institutional Review Board, often referred to as the 'Human Subject Committee.'
9. Analyze the Results
After collecting your data, it is time to analyze the results of your experiment. Researchers utilize statistics to determine if the results of the study support the original hypothesis and to determine if the results are statistically significant. Statistical significance means that the results of the study are unlikely to have occurred simply by chance. The types of statistical methods you use to analyze your data depend largely on the type of data that you collected. If you are using a random sample of a larger population, you will need to utilize inferential statistics. These statistical methods make inferences about how the results related to the population at large. Because you are making inferences based upon a sample, it has to be assumed that there will be a certain margin of error.
10. Write Up and Share Your Results
Your final task in conducting a psychology experiment is to communicate your results. By sharing your experiment with the scientific community, you are contributing to the knowledge base on that particular topic. One of the most common ways to share research results is to publish the study in a peer-reviewed professional journal. Other methods include sharing results at conferences, in book chapters or in academic presentations.
2/24-26 Psych Experiment Write up
OBJECTIVE---
Conduct and Write up a Psychological Study
METHOD---
Using the information on the simple experiment and how to write a lab report, your group of 4 to 5 will conduct and write up a psychological study.
Utilize the information that you have learned from Ch. 2 on PreResearch Decisions, the operation of conducting a study, and how to analyze your data.
Studies could be on any range of psychological topics. Examples include studies of:
A. Emotion
B. Sensation-Perception
C. Motivation
D. Personality
E. Creativity and Intelligence
F. Stress and Health
G. Open ended…..
Conduct and Write up a Psychological Study
METHOD---
Using the information on the simple experiment and how to write a lab report, your group of 4 to 5 will conduct and write up a psychological study.
Utilize the information that you have learned from Ch. 2 on PreResearch Decisions, the operation of conducting a study, and how to analyze your data.
Studies could be on any range of psychological topics. Examples include studies of:
A. Emotion
B. Sensation-Perception
C. Motivation
D. Personality
E. Creativity and Intelligence
F. Stress and Health
G. Open ended…..
2/20-21 Lies and Stats
Ch. 2 S3 “Lies……& Statistics”
1. What is a frequency distribution chart? How is it useful? How can percentage comparisons be useful?
2. What is a frequency polygon or frequency curve?
3. What is a normal or bell shaped curve?
4. In looking at central tendency, what are the mode, median, and mean? Find the mode, median and mean for the data from the following data: 12, 23, 25, 18, 17, 16, 15, 20, 21, 20, 13, 19, 22, 24, 11.
5. What is the range? How do you figure out the range? What was the range from the data on Tuesday?
6. What is the standard deviation? What does it mean if the number for the standard deviation is big or small?
7. What is a correlation coefficient?
8. What is positive and negative correlation?
9. What is a scatterplot? What are inferential statistics?
10. What makes something statistically significant?
1. What is a frequency distribution chart? How is it useful? How can percentage comparisons be useful?
2. What is a frequency polygon or frequency curve?
3. What is a normal or bell shaped curve?
4. In looking at central tendency, what are the mode, median, and mean? Find the mode, median and mean for the data from the following data: 12, 23, 25, 18, 17, 16, 15, 20, 21, 20, 13, 19, 22, 24, 11.
5. What is the range? How do you figure out the range? What was the range from the data on Tuesday?
6. What is the standard deviation? What does it mean if the number for the standard deviation is big or small?
7. What is a correlation coefficient?
8. What is positive and negative correlation?
9. What is a scatterplot? What are inferential statistics?
10. What makes something statistically significant?
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